Hailey Johnson
Andrew Jackson's bank veto, a pivotal moment in American political history, remains a significant topic for scholars and students alike, necessitating proper citation in academic and professional writing. When referencing this event, it is essential to acknowledge the primary sources, such as Jackson's official veto message to Congress in 1832, which can be found in historical archives or published collections of presidential documents. Secondary sources, including books and articles by historians like Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. or Sean Wilentz, provide valuable context and analysis, making them crucial for comprehensive citations. Utilizing citation styles like Chicago, MLA, or APA ensures accuracy and credibility, allowing readers to trace the origins of the information and engage with the broader scholarly conversation surrounding Jackson's controversial decision to veto the rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Citation Style | Depends on the format required (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) |
| Author | Andrew Jackson (as the subject, not the author of a work) |
| Title | "Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States" (or similar, depending on the source) |
| Date | July 10, 1832 (date of the veto message) |
| Source Type | Historical document/Presidential message |
| Publisher | U.S. Government (original publisher) |
| APA Citation Example | Jackson, A. (1832, July 10). Veto message regarding the Bank of the United States. Retrieved from [source URL or archive] |
| MLA Citation Example | Jackson, Andrew. "Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States." 10 July 1832. Name of Collection or Archive, URL (if online). |
| Chicago Citation Example | Jackson, Andrew. "Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States." July 10, 1832. Accessed [Date], [URL or source]. |
| Key Themes | States' rights, federal power, banking reform, economic policy |
| Historical Context | Part of the Bank War during Jackson's presidency (1829–1837) |
| Primary Source Availability | Available in U.S. presidential archives, historical databases, and academic libraries |
| Secondary Sources | Numerous books, articles, and analyses discussing the veto's impact |
| Relevance | Landmark event in American political and economic history |
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What You'll Learn
Historical Context of the Veto
The historical context of Andrew Jackson's bank veto is deeply rooted in the early 19th-century political and economic landscape of the United States. By the 1830s, the Second Bank of the United States (BUS) had become a central institution in the nation's financial system, chartered in 1816 to stabilize the economy after the War of 1812. However, its role and influence were increasingly contentious, particularly among states' rights advocates and agrarian interests. The BUS, headquartered in Philadelphia and led by Nicholas Biddle, was seen by many as an extension of Eastern financial elites, whose policies often clashed with the interests of Western and Southern farmers and small businessmen. This tension set the stage for Jackson's eventual confrontation with the Bank.
Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States, was a staunch opponent of centralized banking and what he perceived as the undue influence of the BUS on the nation's economy. Jackson's political philosophy was grounded in Jeffersonian ideals, emphasizing limited federal government and the protection of individual liberties. He viewed the BUS as a monopoly that favored the wealthy at the expense of the common man. Jackson's skepticism of the Bank was further fueled by his experiences in the early 1800s, when he witnessed the economic hardships caused by speculative banking practices and the Panic of 1819. These experiences solidified his belief that the BUS was a threat to economic equality and democratic principles.
The immediate catalyst for Jackson's veto of the Bank recharter bill came during his first term in office. In 1832, Congress passed a bill to renew the BUS's charter, four years before its expiration, in an effort led by Biddle and supported by Jackson's political rivals, particularly the Whig Party. The bill was also backed by Henry Clay, one of Jackson's chief political adversaries. Jackson saw the recharter effort as a direct challenge to his authority and an attempt to influence the upcoming presidential election. On July 10, 1832, Jackson vetoed the bill, delivering a scathing critique of the BUS and its role in American society. His veto message argued that the Bank was unconstitutional, undemocratic, and detrimental to the economic well-being of the majority of Americans.
Jackson's veto was a pivotal moment in American political history, reflecting broader debates about the role of the federal government, states' rights, and economic policy. It highlighted the growing divide between the Democratic Party, led by Jackson, and the emerging Whig Party, which supported a stronger federal government and the interests of business and industry. The veto also underscored Jackson's commitment to his populist agenda, which sought to dismantle institutions perceived as favoring the elite. The controversy surrounding the BUS recharter ultimately contributed to the Bank's demise, as Jackson systematically withdrew federal deposits and redistributed them to state banks, a process known as the "Bank War."
The historical context of Jackson's bank veto must also be understood within the framework of his broader presidency and its impact on American democracy. Jackson's actions against the BUS were part of his larger effort to redefine the role of the presidency and assert executive power. His veto was one of the first significant uses of the presidential veto power to shape policy rather than merely address constitutional concerns. This set a precedent for future presidents and expanded the scope of executive authority. Additionally, the Bank War and its aftermath reshaped the nation's financial system, leading to the era of "free banking" and further debates about the regulation of banking and currency. In this way, Jackson's veto was not just a reaction to the BUS but a transformative moment in the evolution of American political and economic institutions.
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Key Arguments in Jackson’s Message
Andrew Jackson's veto message regarding the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States in 1832 is a seminal document in American political history, reflecting his populist and anti-elitist ideology. One of the key arguments in Jackson's message was his contention that the Bank was unconstitutional. Jackson asserted that the Constitution did not explicitly grant Congress the authority to create such an institution, and that the Bank's vast economic power violated the principles of states' rights and limited government. He argued that the Bank's charter, which concentrated financial control in the hands of a few, was an overreach of federal power and a threat to individual liberty.
Another central argument in Jackson's message was his critique of the Bank's privileged status and its lack of accountability. He highlighted that the Bank operated as a monopoly, enjoying exclusive benefits not available to other financial institutions or the general public. Jackson argued that this privilege fostered inequality and undermined the economic interests of ordinary Americans. By vetoing the recharter, he sought to dismantle what he saw as an elitist institution that served the wealthy at the expense of the common man.
Jackson also framed his veto as a defense of democratic principles against the influence of special interests. He accused the Bank of being a tool for the wealthy and politically connected, arguing that its recharter would perpetuate a system where the few controlled the many. This populist argument resonated with his base, as Jackson positioned himself as a champion of the people against entrenched financial and political elites. He emphasized that allowing the Bank to continue would erode the democratic foundations of the nation.
Furthermore, Jackson's message underscored the economic risks posed by the Bank. He argued that the Bank's speculative practices and lack of oversight endangered the nation's financial stability. Jackson pointed to instances where the Bank's actions had led to economic instability, such as the Panic of 1819, and warned that rechartering it would invite future crises. By vetoing the recharter, he aimed to protect the economy from what he viewed as the Bank's reckless and self-serving behavior.
Finally, Jackson's veto message reflected his broader vision for a decentralized banking system. He advocated for state-chartered banks and local control over financial institutions, arguing that this approach would better serve the diverse needs of the American people. Jackson believed that a decentralized system would prevent the concentration of power and wealth in a single institution, thereby promoting economic fairness and opportunity for all. This argument was a cornerstone of his critique of the Second Bank and his rationale for the veto.
In summary, the key arguments in Jackson's message revolved around the Bank's unconstitutionality, its privileged and unaccountable status, its threat to democratic principles, its economic risks, and the need for a decentralized banking system. These arguments not only justified his veto but also articulated a broader political and economic philosophy that defined his presidency and legacy. To cite this message, one would typically reference *Andrew Jackson, "Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States," July 10, 1832*, available in primary source collections or historical archives.
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MLA Citation Format Guide
When citing Andrew Jackson’s Bank Veto in MLA format, it is essential to follow the guidelines outlined in the *MLA Handbook (9th edition)*. This guide will walk you through the process of creating accurate citations for both primary and secondary sources related to this historical event. MLA format emphasizes clarity and consistency, ensuring that readers can easily locate the sources you reference.
If you are citing a primary source, such as Andrew Jackson’s veto message itself, you will typically find it in a historical document collection or archive. For example, if you accessed the veto message through a digital archive like the National Archives, your citation should include the author (Andrew Jackson), the title of the document in quotation marks, the name of the website or archive in italics, the publication date (if available), and the URL. Here is an example:
Jackson, Andrew. "Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States." *National Archives and Records Administration*, 1832, www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/veto-message-bank-united-states.
For secondary sources, such as books or articles discussing Andrew Jackson’s Bank Veto, the citation structure varies depending on the source type. If you are citing a book, include the author’s last name, first name, the book title in italics, the publisher, the publication year, and the page number(s) if quoting directly. For instance:
Remini, Robert V. *Andrew Jackson and the Bank War*. W.W. Norton & Company, 1967.
When citing an online article or scholarly journal, the format includes the author’s name, article title in quotation marks, journal title in italics, volume and issue numbers (if applicable), publication date, and URL or DOI. For example:
McPherson, James M. "Andrew Jackson’s Bank Veto and the Economy." *The Journal of American History*, vol. 54, no. 3, 1967, pp. 579-593, www.jstor.org/stable/1894601.
In-text citations are a crucial component of MLA format. When referencing Andrew Jackson’s Bank Veto in your writing, include a parenthetical citation with the author’s last name and the page number (if applicable). For example: (Jackson 2). If the source does not have page numbers, simply use the author’s last name. For secondary sources, follow the same format, such as (Remini 45) or (McPherson).
Finally, ensure your Works Cited page is formatted correctly. Entries should be alphabetized by the author’s last name or title (if no author is listed), with a hanging indent for each citation. Double-check that all elements—author, title, container, publisher, date, and location—are included and formatted according to MLA standards. By adhering to these guidelines, you will create a professional and accurate MLA citation for Andrew Jackson’s Bank Veto and related sources.
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APA Citation Style Tips
When citing historical documents or events like Andrew Jackson’s Bank Veto, the APA citation style requires precision and adherence to specific formatting rules. Begin by identifying the primary source of the veto message. If you are referencing the original document, include the author (Andrew Jackson), the year of publication (1832), the title of the document (e.g., "Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States"), and the source where it was accessed or published. For example: Jackson, A. (1832). *Veto message regarding the Bank of the United States*. Retrieved from [source URL or archive]. Ensure the title is italicized, and the retrieval information is accurate if using an online source.
If you are citing a secondary source that discusses Andrew Jackson’s Bank Veto, such as a book or scholarly article, follow the standard APA format for that type of source. For instance, if citing a book chapter, the format would be: Author Last Name, First Initial(s). (Year). *Title of chapter*. In Editor(s) (Eds.), *Title of book* (pp. page range). Publisher. For example: Remini, R. V. (1984). *The Bank War*. In *Andrew Jackson and the Bank War* (pp. 45-67). W. W. Norton & Company. This ensures clarity and proper attribution to the secondary source.
When referencing Andrew Jackson’s Bank Veto in the text of your paper, use parenthetical citations with the author’s last name and the year of publication. For example: (Jackson, 1832). If the author’s name is mentioned in the sentence, include only the year in parentheses. For instance: Andrew Jackson (1832) argued that the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional. Consistency in in-text citations is crucial for maintaining APA style integrity.
For online sources or archival materials related to the Bank Veto, include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if available, or provide the URL of the webpage where the document was accessed. For example: Jackson, A. (1832). *Veto message regarding the Bank of the United States*. *The American Presidency Project*. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu. If using a physical archive, describe the location and collection details. For instance: Jackson, A. (1832). *Veto message regarding the Bank of the United States*. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Finally, ensure your reference list is alphabetized and follows APA formatting guidelines. Each entry should be double-spaced, with a hanging indent. For primary sources like Jackson’s veto message, include as much publication information as possible. For secondary sources, adhere to APA’s specific rules for books, articles, or other media. By meticulously following these APA citation style tips, you can accurately and professionally cite Andrew Jackson’s Bank Veto in your academic work.
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Chicago Manual of Style Rules
When citing Andrew Jackson’s Bank Veto in the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), it is essential to follow the guidelines for historical documents, presidential papers, or primary sources, depending on the format of the material you are referencing. The CMOS offers two systems: the Notes-Bibliography system (NB) and the Author-Date system. Below are detailed instructions for both systems, focusing on citing Jackson’s Bank Veto message, which is a primary historical document.
In the Notes-Bibliography system, the first citation in a footnote or endnote should include full details. For Andrew Jackson’s Bank Veto, if you are citing the original message, the format would be: "Andrew Jackson, 'Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States,' July 10, 1832, in *The Papers of Andrew Jackson*, ed. [Editor's Name] (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, [volume and page numbers])" (if using a published edition). If accessing the document online, include the URL or database name. For example: "Andrew Jackson, 'Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States,' July 10, 1832, *The American Presidency Project*, ed. John Woolley and Gerhard Peters, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/veto-message-regarding-the-bank-the-united-states." Subsequent citations can be shortened to "Jackson, 'Bank Veto Message,' [page number if applicable]."
The bibliography entry in the Notes-Bibliography system would follow this structure: "Jackson, Andrew. 'Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States.' July 10, 1832. In *The Papers of Andrew Jackson*, edited by [Editor's Name], [volume number]:[page numbers]. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, [year of publication]." If citing an online source, add the access date: "Jackson, Andrew. 'Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States.' July 10, 1832. *The American Presidency Project*, ed. John Woolley and Gerhard Peters. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/veto-message-regarding-the-bank-the-united-states (accessed [date])."
In the Author-Date system, in-text citations use parentheses with the author’s last name, publication year, and page number if applicable. For example: (Jackson 1832). The reference list entry would be formatted as: "Jackson, Andrew. 1832. 'Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States.' July 10. In *The Papers of Andrew Jackson*, edited by [Editor's Name], [volume number]:[page numbers]. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press." For online sources, include the URL: "Jackson, Andrew. 1832. 'Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States.' July 10. *The American Presidency Project*, ed. John Woolley and Gerhard Peters. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/veto-message-regarding-the-bank-the-united-states."
When citing secondary sources discussing the Bank Veto, such as books or articles, follow the standard CMOS rules for those formats. For instance, a book citation in the Notes-Bibliography system would include the author’s name, title in italics, publication information, and page numbers if applicable. Always ensure consistency and accuracy in your citations, adhering strictly to the CMOS guidelines for the chosen system.
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Frequently asked questions
Andrew Jackson's Bank Veto refers to his 1832 veto of the rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States. It is significant because it reflected Jackson's opposition to centralized banking and his belief in states' rights and limited federal power.
In APA format, cite it as:
Jackson, A. (1832). *Veto message regarding the Bank of the United States*. Retrieved from [source URL or archive].
Primary sources include Jackson's official veto message, congressional debates, and contemporary newspapers like *The National Intelligencer*. These can be found in archives or online databases.
In MLA format, cite it as:
Jackson, Andrew. *Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States*. 1832. [Source Title], [Publisher], [Year of Publication].
It is considered a key moment because it highlighted the debate over federal power, shaped the Democratic Party's platform, and influenced future banking and economic policies in the United States.
